I differentiate the two by this.
1) Long Range: Possible to build some reasonable antenna system to watch 24/7 but farther than most of your stations.
Something anyone in the neighborhood or town could get with a very high gain antenna. Indoor antennas would never work, and even a modest outdoor antenna would only render good results at night or in special conditions. But the larger antenna well placed, height and amp if needed and it yields 24/7 reception.
2) DX: Requires special propagation conditions to view
Any station one could never receive even with a very good antenna at some reasonable height with a large antenna. Reception of these stations always requires special conditions such as tropo, or ionospheric skip.
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Now there are always those stations that are hard to classify. But if you stick with the condition on DX you ONLY see the station with special propagation conditions, then it's DX.
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Every service also has it's definitions. On the ham bands on medium and shortwave frequencies (1.8 to 29.7 MHz), DX has to be outside the country in which you are located. Often this is trivial. On most Shortwave bands it's as easier to talk to Canada than say California from New York. Still it's just the way it has always been.
On ham bands we have areas of the planet set up in grid squares based on lat and long. On VHF and UHF talking outside one's grid square is called DX. Grid squares are about 50 miles on a side.
DX is very much a relative term, and defined by the group using it.
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The more I understand, the less I know. 
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